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John Shebbeare (1709–1788) was a British Tory political satirist. ==Life== He was the eldest son of an attorney and corn-factor of Bideford, Devonshire. A hundred and a village in Devon, where the family had owned land, bear their name. Shebbeare was educated at the free school, Exeter, under Zachariah Mudge, and there, it is said, "gave evidence of his future eminence in misanthropy and literature." In his sixteenth year he was apprenticed to a surgeon, and afterwards set up for himself. Having, however, lampooned both his master and the members of the Exeter corporation, he in 1736 removed to Bristol, where he later entered into partnership with a chemist. In 1740 he published ''A new Analysis of the Bristol Waters; together with the Cause of Diabetes and Hectic, and their Cure, as it results from those Waters'', which was reissued in 1760. In 1752 he went to Paris, where he claimed to have obtained a medical degree, and to have been elected member of the Academy of Sciences. But he found his pen more remunerative than his practice. Settling in London, he began his career as a political writer in 1754, with ''The Marriage Act'', a novel, dedicated to John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, one of the chief opponents of Lord Hardwicke's reform. The author was imprisoned for his reflections on the legislature, but his book was reissued in 1755 as ''Matrimony'', and reappeared in 1766. Shebbeare followed up his success in 1756 by an attack on the Duke of Newcastle in the form of ''Letters on the English Nation, by Batista Angeloni, a Jesuit resident in London'', of which he professed to be the translator only. This political satire, modelled on Bolingbroke's writings against Robert Walpole, alone entitled Shebbeare (in the opinion of Boswell) to a respectable name in literature. Meanwhile he attacked the ministry directly in the ''Monitor'' and the ''Con-test'', as well as in a series of outspoken pamphlets entitled ''Letters to the People of England'', having, it was said, determined to write himself into a post or into the pillory.〔via DNB:, ''Mem. George II'', p. 153〕 At the close of 1757, after Pitt's dismissal, Shebbeare issued his sixth letter, "in which is shown that the present grandeur of France and calamities of this nation are owing to the influence of Hanover on the councils of England." On 12 January 1758 a general warrant was issued against the author, printer, and publisher. On 23 January all copies of a seventh ''Letter'' were seized and suppressed. On 17 June Shebbeare was tried for libel on an information laid against him by the attorney-general, Pratt, who on this occasion admitted the right of the jury to judge of the law. During the trial, as Walpole laments, Mansfield laid it down that satires on dead kings were punishable. In summing up he declared that the ''Letter'' nearly approached high treason. On 28 Nov. Shebbeare was sentenced to a fine and three years' imprisonment, besides having to find security for good behaviour for seven years. He was also to stand in the pillory at Charing Cross on 5 Dec. Owing to the friendship of Arthur Beardmore, the under-sheriff, he was allowed to stand upright between the upper and lower boards of the pillory, while an Irish chairman held an umbrella over his head. At the end of an hour he retired amidst the cheers of the crowd, who had been invited by printed bills to come and see 'the British champion.' Beardmore was afterwards punished for his conduct.〔via DNB:cf. Churchill's ''The Author'', quoted in ''Notes and Queries'', 2nd ser. xi. 91〕 An anonymous squib appeared under the title ''Memoirs of the Pillory; being a consolatory Epistle to Dr. Shebbeare''. While in prison Shebbeare received subscriptions for a history of England, and actually composed one volume, which was not published. When attacked on the subject in a letter in the ''Public Advertiser'' of 10 Aug. 1774 he excused himself chiefly on the ground of debts incurred in consequence of a lawsuit against Francis Gwyn, who had been concerned with him in the publication of an edition of Clarendon's ''History of the Reign of Charles II''. The book, for which Shebbeare wrote a strong tory introduction, was suppressed by an injunction in chancery at the instance of the Duchess of Queensberry, and, though Shebbeare recovered expenses from Gwyn, half the sum went in costs. Notwithstanding his position, he refused to avail himself of the Insolvent Act. On his release he advocated peace with France, and attacked John Wilkes. On 29 Feb. 1764 a memorial signed by several members of parliament was presented to George Grenville in his favour,and Shebbeare was granted a pension of £200 a year. The king, in reply to Sir John Philips, who made the application, is said to have spoken of Shebbeare "in very favourable terms." Almon's statement that a pension of £400 had been previously granted by Bute seems doubtful.〔via DNB:cf. ''Grenville Papers'', ii. 271〕 Henceforth Shebbeare became a steady advocate of the measures of the court, and even assailed his old favourite, Pitt. His most elaborately written work was ''The History of the Excellence and Decline of the Institutions, Religion, Laws, Manners, and Genius of the Sumatrans, and of the Restoration thereof in the reign of Amurath the Third'', 2 vols. 1763. It is a skilful exposure of the weak points in whig policy and administration, followed by a panegyric on George III and his ministers. In style it is a colourable imitation of Bolingbroke. On 3 Aug. 1764 Walpole sent Lord Hertford a pamphlet written by Shebbeare under Grenville's direction, adding the remark, "We do not ransack Newgate and the pillory for writers." He speaks of him as engaged with Carteret Webbe, solicitor to the treasury, in writing against Pratt, the lord chief justice, in a paper called ''The Moderator''.〔via DNB:''Mem. George III'', ed. Barker, i. 262〕 In 1766 Shebbeare offered to John Beard, the manager of Covent Garden, a play he had written in early life, and its non-production led to the publication of the correspondence between them (1767). In 1768 he wrote for three months the reviews of books in the ''Political Register''. In 1770 Shebbenre published an ''Eighth Letter to the People of England''. He defended the American policy of George III against Price and Edmund Burke in the ''Public Advertiser'' and elsewhere. The former he "abused daily in the papers,"〔via DNB:, ''Last Journals'', 19 March 1777〕 In 1774, in reflecting on some speeches lately delivered by Thomas Townshend (afterwards Lord Sydney) and Councillor Lee, he took occasion to cast aspersions on the character and reputation of William III, Algernon Sidney, and other Whig heroes, as viewed in the light of the recently published ''Memorials'' of Sir John Dalrymple. An answer appeared as an appendix to a ''Letter to Dr. Johnson on his late Political Publications'', 1775, by a "Doctor of Laws" (Hugh Baillie). Despite a protest made by Fox in the House of Commons on 16 Feb. 1774,〔via DNB:''Parl. Hist''. xvii.1058〕 the names of Johnson and Shebbeare were usually coupled in whig pasquinades. It was said that the king had pensioned both a He-bear and a She-bear.〔via DNB:, ''Johnson'', ed. Hill, iv. 113〕 In 1776 Wilkes spoke of them as the "two famous doctors" who were "the state hirelings called pensioners" and whose names disgraced the civil list."〔via DNB:''Parl. Hist''. xix. 118〕 William Mason the poet, writing under the pseudonym "Malcolm Macgregor," in 1777 addressed a scathing ''Epistle'' to Shebbeare, as ::The same abusive, base, abandoned thing ::When pilloried or pensioned by a king〔via DNB:cf. , ''Letters'', vi. 453〕 Nor did Shebbeare's own political friends altogether spare him. His sudden transition from pillory to pension was glanced at in ''The Expedition of Humphry Clinker'', and he is the "Ferret" of Tobias Smollett's ' ''Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves''. Shebbeare seems to have shared Johnson's dislike to Scotsmen. He criticised adversely Smollet's ''History'', and assailed the "Scotch gentlemen criticks" of the ''Critical Review'', then conducted by Smollett.〔via DNB:see the ''Occasional Critic'', 1757〕 In the revised edition of the ''History'', however, the passage relating to Shebbeare's prosecution in 1758 is curiously laudatory.〔via DNB: and ''Hist. of Engl'', 1855, x. 186〕 William Hogarth, also one of George III's pensioners, introduced Shebbeare as one of the figures in the third print of his ''Humours of an Election'' series. Frances Burney met him in 1774 at the house of Catherine Reid, a Scottish portrait-painter, and has recorded a specimen of his conversation in her ''Early Diary''. It was marked by extraordinary coarseness, and consisted chiefly of abuse of women and Scotsmen, whom he declared to be "the two greatest evils upon earth." The last production by Shebbeare was ''The Pole Cat, or C. Jennings, the Renegade Schoolmaster ... Detected'', 1788, 8vo. Shebbeare died on 1 Aug. 1788 in Eaton Street, Pimlico. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Shebbeare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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